Iceman and double tension: Gay representations in superhero comics

Abstract

Until 1988, no gay superheroes existed in mainstream comics. Today, Marvel and DC Comics feature an increasing number of LGBTIQA+ characters. However, this visibility raises questions about the quality of their representation: does it reflect the actual diversity of the LGBTIQA+ community or does it serve editorial strategies prioritizing homonormativity and commercial viability? This article examines three bibliographically reviewed case-studies – Northstar, Midnighter and Apollo, and Hulkling and Wiccan – applying Clark’s minority representation model adapted to LGBTIQA+ contexts. It further proposes an analytical model with seven indicators designed to measure the double tension faced by gay superheroes: balancing inclusivity for new audiences while retaining traditional readerships. A perspective grounded in LGBT/queer media studies highlights the complexities of creating characters that challenge traditional narrative paradigms.