Resistències paramilitars i culturals del separatisme català durant la dictadura de Primo de Rivera (1923-1930)

Abstract

This article seeks to provide an overview of the Catalan nationalist movement during the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship. Driven underground, the lines between parties and organizations blurred, and some new, more radical groups emerged. Estat Català (EC) squads, self-conceived as a military vanguard, coexisted with liaison, logistical support and propaganda groups such as the Organització or Grup 1640. Theoretical military training groups, such as the Societat d’Estudis Militars (SEM) in the orbit of Acció Catalana (AC), coexisted with more prone to action groups, such as the Organització Militar Catalana (ÒRMICA), which was in contact with hiking and scouting groups. Other groups, such as the Grup dels Set or the Bandera Negra, would directly opt for armed propaganda actions, including bombing campaigns, one of them aimed against king Alfonso XIII. The article also examines the cultural and paramilitary strategies of Catalan nationalism and its evolution between 1923 and 1931.