Context and conflict: unpacking the sources of opposition to mosques in Catalonia

Abstract

Although opposition to mosques has become increasingly common throughout Spain, it has been most prevalent and intense in Catalonia. This paper analyzes the factors that account for why mosques have aroused such a high degree of hostility in the region. It begins by calling attention to the comparatively large number of Muslims, especially from North Africa, who live in Catalonia due to its proximity to France and its traditionally large demand for unskilled labor. The high visibility and precarious status of Muslims in Catalonia have helped to create close associations between Islam, immigration and social marginality. These associations have been strengthened by the high concentration of Muslim communities in clearly delimited neighborhoods, many of which were already affected by municipal deficiencies before their arrival. The Muslim’ tendency to concentrate in these neighborhoods has been influenced by the fact that the historically industrial municipalities of Catalonia developed in socio-spatial terms through successive waves of internal Spanish and external foreign immigration. The marked divisions and inequalities characterizing these municipalities
have augmented the controversies with respect to public space, making the disputes over mosques a part of broader struggles involving social position and public recognition.

Keywords: Islam, mosques, Catalonia, immigration.