Small scale structures: the fabrication of polymeric nanostructures for biomedical applications using pattern replication techniques

Abstract

Polymers are excellent candidates for the production of biomedical devices incorporating nanometric structures. Good optical transparency and sealing properties, low fabrication costs, fast design realization times, and, crucially, biocompatibility are all advantages that can be exploited by scientists for the production of such devices. Here, we review some of the methods and techniques used in the fabrication of polymeric nanostructures by pattern replication techniques that may be of relevance in the production of biomedical devices. Emphasis is placed on imprint production of polymeric replicas, with master fabrication using focussed ion-beam technology, as a relatively simple method for reproducibly obtaining large numbers of nanostructures. The use of these structures in polymercasting techniques is also described, together with some specific fabrication considerations. The maturity reached by polymer-based nanotechnologies, together with the first polymer-based applications for single-cell analysis and for counting single DNA molecules, demonstrates that polymers constitute a viable alternative to silicon-based nanotechnologies for biomedical applications.