Catalan Carlism was one of the most prominent versions of European anti-liberalism and counter-revolution. This article delves into a debate on the traditional and/or modern nature of the social movements; the relationship between religion, politics and identity; the impact of the civil wars on the construction of nation-states; and the exercise of power and violence. In a context of factories and workers, Carlism built the longest insurrectional guerrilla culture in all of Europe and became the theatre of operations of the “international white”.

Keywords: Carlism, counter-revolution, guerrilla, civil war, Catalanism, international white